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The
Council of the Malacological Society of London has prepared a set of
notes for sixth-form and undergraduate students who write to The Society
asking for help with molluscan projects. Members may find the notes
useful when dealing with similar queries. The books have been chosen
to include those which are most likely to be available in libraries,
but I would welcome any additions.
Phylum MOLLUSCA
In essentials molluscs are
one of the most compact groups of animals showing wide diversity on
a basic plan. They are coelomate animals with a head, a ventral muscular
foot, and a dorsal visceral hump. The mantle over the visceral hump
often secretes a shell which is largely calcareous and produced into
a free flap or flaps to enclose a mantle cavity with ctenidia, into
which opens the anus and the kidneys. Of the invertebrate phyla molluscs
are second only to arthropods in abundance of described species. Over
80,000 living species have been described and some 35,000 fossil species
are known.
The classificatory scheme
for the larger groups of Mollusca has reached a reasonable degree of
stability and the phylum has been divided into seven classes - Monoplacophora,
Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Scaphopoda, Bivalvia and Cephalopoda.
In addition there is the class Rostroconchia composed entirely of extinct
molluscs.
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References
Texts
with some references to molluscs (for general background reading)
- Barnes, R.S.K., Calow,
P. & Olive, P.J.W., 1993. The Invertebrates : A New Synthesis.
London, Blackwell.
- Barrington, E.J.W., 1967.
Invertebrate Structure and Function. London, T. Nelson & Sons.
- Clarke, R.B., 1964. Dynamics
in Metazoan Evolution. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
- Fitter, R. & Manuel,
R., 1994. Photo Guide to Lakes, Rivers, Streams and Ponds. London,
Collins.
- Hynes, H.B.N., 1972. The
Ecology of Running Waters. Liverpool, Liverpool University Press.
- Jeffries, M. & Mills,
D., 1990. Freshwater Ecology. London, Belhaven.
- Kume, M. & Dan, K.,
1957. Invertebrate Embryology. Washington, National Science Foundation.
- Macan, T.T., 1973. Ponds
and Lakes. London, Allen & Unwin.
- Russell-Hunter, W.D.,
1968. A Biology of Lower Invertebrates. New York, Macmillan.
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Marine
texts with some references to molluscs (both elementary and advanced)
- Barrett, J.H.
& Yonge, C.M., 1964. Collins Pocket Guide to the Seashore. London,
Collins.
- Campbell, A.C.,
1994. Hamlyn Guide to Seashores and Shallow Seas of Britain and Europe.
- Eales, N.B.,
1950. The Littoral Fauna of Great Britain. Cambridge, Cambridge U.P.
- Eltringham, S.K.,
1971. Life in Mud and Sand. London, E.U.P.
- Erwin, D. &
Picton, B., 1987. Guide to Inshore Marine Life. London, Immel Publishing
- for Marine Conservation Society.
- Fish, J.D. &
Fish, S., 1996. A Student's Guide to the Seashore. Cambridge, C.U.P.
- Hardy, A.C.,
1956. The Open Seas: I. The World of Plankton. London, Collins.
- Hardy, A.C.,
1959. The Open Seas: II. Fish and Fisheries. London, Collins.
- Hawkins, S.J.
& Jones, H.D., 1992. Marine Field Course Guide 1. Rocky Shores.
London, Immel Publishing.
- Hayward, P.J.
& Ryland, J.S., 1990. The Marine Fauna of the British Isles and
North-West Europe.2 volumes. Oxford, O.U.P.
- Hayward, P.J.
& Ryland, J.S., 1995. Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West
Europe. Oxford, O.U.P.
- Hayward, P.J.,
Nelson-Smith, A. & Shields, C., 1996. Collins Pocket Guide to
the Seashore of Britain and Northern Europe. London, Harper Collins.
- Lewis, J.R.,
1964. The Ecology of Rocky Shores. London, E.U.P.
- Southward, A.J.,
1965. Life on the Seashore. London, Heinemann.
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Molluscan
texts (both elementary and advanced)
- Boyle, P.R.,
1981. Molluscs and Man (Studies in Biology No. 134). London, Arnold.
- Boyle, P.R.,
1963. Cephalopod Life Cycles vol. I. Species accounts. London, Academic
Press.
- Boyle, P.R.,
1987. Cephalopod Life Cycles vol. II. Comparative reviews. London,
Academic Press.
- Cameron, R.A.D.,
Eversham, B. & Jackson, N., 1983. A Field Key to the Slugs of
the British Isles. Field Studies 5, 807-824.
- Dance, S.P.,
1971. Seashells. London, Hamlyn.
- Fretter, V. &
Graham, A., 1994. British Prosobranch Molluscs. (2nd ed.) London,
Ray Society.
- Fretter, V. &
Peake, J., 1975. Pulmonates. 3 vols (I, II & IIA). London, Academic
Press.
- Graham, A., 1988.
Molluscs : Prosobranch and Pyramidellid Gastropods. Synopses of the
British Fauna (New Series) No 2 (2nd Edition). Leiden, E.J. Brill.
- Hyman, L.H.,
1967. The Invertebrates Volume VI Mollusca I. New York, McGraw-Hill.
- Henderson, I.
(Edit), 1989. Slugs and Snails in World Agriculture. Thornton Heath,
The British Crop Protection Council.
- Henderson, I
F. (chair.) 1996. Slug and snail pests in Agriculture. Symposium 66.
British Crop Protection Council, Thornton Heath.
- Kerney, M.P.
& Cameron, R.A.D., 1979. A Field Guide to the Land Snails of Britain
and North-West Europe. London, Collins.
- Kerney, M.P.
(Edit), 1976. Atlas of the Non-Marine Mollusca of the British Isles.
London, Conchological Society.
- Killeen, I.J.,
1992. The Land and Freshwater Molluscs of Suffolk. Ipswich, Suffolk
Naturalists' Society.
- Lalli, C.M. &
Gilmer, R.W., 1989. Pelagic snails. The biology of holoplanktonic
gastropod mollusks. Stanford University Press.
- Lane, F.W., 1957.
Kingdom of the octopus. London, Jarrolds.
- McMillan, N.F.,
1968. British Shells. London, Warne.
- Morton, J.E.,
1963. Mollusca. London, Hutchinson.
- Nesis, K.N.,
1987. Cephalopods of the world. New Jersey, TFH Publications Inc.
- Nixon, M. &
Messenger, J.B., 1977. The Biology of Cephalopods. London, Academic
Press.
- Okutani, T.,
O'Dor, R.K. & Kubodera, T., 1993. Recent advances in cephalopod
fishery biology. Tokyo, Tokai University Press.
- Picton, B.E.
& Morrow, C.C., 1994. A Field Guide to the Nudibranchs of the
British Isles. London, Immel Publishing.
- Portner, H.O.,
O'Dor, R.K. & Macmillan, D.L., 1994. Physiology of cephalopod
molluscs. Basel.Gordon & Breach.
- Purchon, R.D.,
1968. The Biology of Mollusca. London, Pergamon Press.
- Raven, C.P.,
1958. The Analysis of Molluscan Development. London, Pergamon Press.
- Reid, D.G., 1986.
The littorinid molluscs of mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific region.
London, British Museum (Natural History).
- Reid, D.G., 1996.
Systematics and Evolution of Littorina. London, Ray Society.
- Runham, N.W.
& Hunter, P.J., 1970. Terrestrial Slugs. London, Hutchinson.
- Seaward, D.R.,
1982. Sea area atlas of the marine molluscs of Britain and Ireland.
Nature Conservancy Council for the Conchological Society of GB &
I, Shrewsbury.
- Seaward, D.R.,
1990. Distribution of the marine molluscs of north west Europe. Nature
Conservancy Council for the Conchological Society of GB & I, Peterborough.
- South, A., 1992.
Terrestrial slugs: biology, ecology, control. London, Chapman &
Hall.
- Solem, A., 1974.
The Shell Makers: Introducing Mollusks. New York, John Wiley.
- Street, P., 1961.
Shell Life on Seashore. London, Faber.
- Taylor, J.D.
(Ed), 1996. Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Molluscs. Oxford,
O.U.P.
- Tebble, N., 1966.
British Bivalve Seashells. London, British Museum (Natural History).
- Thompson, T.E.,
1976. Biology of Opisthobranch Molluscs I. London, Ray Society.
- Thompson, T.E.
& Brown, G.H., 1976. British Opisthobranch Molluscs. (Synopses
of the British Fauna N.S. No 8). London, Academic Press.
- Thompson, T.E.
& Brown, G.H., 1984. Biology of Opisthobranch Molluscs II. London,
Ray Society.
- Vermeij, G.J.,
1993. A Natural History of Shells. Princeton, Princeton University
Press.
- Ward, P.D., 1987.
The natural history of Nautilus. London, Allen & Unwin.
- Wilbur, K.M.
(Ed), 1982-5. The Mollusca. 12 vols. New York, Academic Press.
- Wilbur, K.M.
& Yonge, C.M. (Ed), 1964. Physiology of Mollusca I & II. London,
Academic Press.
- Yonge, C.M.,
1949. The Sea Shore. London, Collins.
- Yonge, C.M.,
1960. Oysters. London, Collins.
- Yonge, C.M. &
Thompson, T.E., 1976. Living Marine Molluscs. London, Collins.
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Fossil
references
- British Palaeozoic
Fossils. London, Natural History Museum.
- British Mesozoic
Fossil. London, Natural History Museum.
- British Caenozoic
Fossils. London, Natural History Museum.
- Moore, R.C. (Ed).
Treatis on Invertebrate Palaeontology. Molluscan Volumes are:
- Part I, Mollusca
1 (general + Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora and Gastropoda
(pars). 1960.
- Part K, Mollusca
3 (Cephalopoda - `primitive' forms). 1964.
- Part L, Mollusca
4 (Ammonoidea). 1957.
- Part N, Mollusca
6 (Bivalvia), Vols 1 & 2, 1969 + Vol 3 (oysters), 1971.
- Murray, J.W.
(Ed), 1985. Atlas of Invertebrate Palaeontology. London, Longmans
& The Palaeontological Association.
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Journals
and Societies publishing them
- Haliotis (Société
Française de Malacologie).
- Journal of Conchology
(Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland - see F below).
- Journal of Molluscan Studies
(The Malacological Society of London - see G below).
- Malacologia (Institute
of Malacology, Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia).
- Veliger (California Malacozoological
Society).
- Zoological Record, Section
on Mollusca (The Zoological Society of London).
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Papers
for Students
The Conchological
Society also publishes Papers for Students - list of titles and other
publications which are in stock available from Mrs Helen Weideli, 35
Bartlemy Road, Newbury, Berks RG14 6LD.
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Journal
Supplements
The Malacological Society
publishes Supplements to the Journal - details of items in stock are
available from Mr F. Naggs, Mollusca Section, Natural History Museum,
London SW7 5BD.
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Notes
Many scientific journals
include articles on Molluscs.
The Zoological Record is
published annually and records a year's literature relating to a Phylum
or Class of the Animal Kingdom.
Section 9 deals with Mollusca
and includes an Author Index, Subject Index and Systemic Index.
Alan Bebbington
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